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Cornelius, Peter

(Encyclopedia) Cornelius, PeterCornelius, Peterpāˈtər kôrnāˈlē&oobreve;s [key], 1824–74, German composer and poet; follower of Liszt and Wagner. He wrote music criticism, songs, and poetry but is…

Guthrie, Samuel

(Encyclopedia) Guthrie, Samuel, 1782–1848, American physician, b. Brimfield, Mass. In Sackets Harbor, N.Y., where he settled after serving as surgeon in the War of 1812, he invented a percussion…

Menger, Carl

(Encyclopedia) Menger, CarlMenger, Carlkärl mĕngˈər [key], 1840–1921, Austrian economist, a founder of the Austrian school of economics. He was professor of economics at the Univ. of Vienna from 1873…

Laban, Rudolf von

(Encyclopedia) Laban, Rudolf vonLaban, Rudolf vonfôn läbˈän [key], 1879–1958, Slovakian dancer, choreographer, and dance theorist. After studying in Paris and performing in N Africa, Germany, and…

Hayek, Friedrich August von

(Encyclopedia) Hayek, Friedrich August vonHayek, Friedrich August vonfrēˈdrĭkh oug&oobreve;stˈ fôn hīˈək [key], 1899–1992, British economist, b. Vienna. He was raised and educated in Austria and…

Jena

(Encyclopedia) JenaJenayāˈnä [key], city (1994 pop. 100,090), Thuringia, E central Germany, on the Saale River. Manufactures of this industrial center include pharmaceuticals, glass, optical and…

Gallas, Matthias, Graf von

(Encyclopedia) Gallas, Matthias, Graf vonGallas, Matthias, Graf vonmätēˈäs gräf fən gälˈäs [key], 1584–1647, imperial general in the Thirty Years War. He served under Tilly, commander of the Catholic…

Three Emperors' League

(Encyclopedia) Three Emperors' League, informal alliance among Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, announced officially in 1872 on the occasion of the meeting of emperors Francis Joseph, William I…

Biron, Ernst Johann von

(Encyclopedia) Biron or Biren, Ernst Johann vonBiron or Biren, Ernst Johann vonĕrnst yōhänˈ fən bēˈrôn, bēˈrən [key], 1690–1772, duke of Courland (1737–43, 1763–69), favorite of Czarina Anna of…

Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron von

(Encyclopedia) Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron vonSteuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron vonsty&oomacr;ˈbən, Ger. frēˈdrĭkh vĭlˈhĕlm bärōnˈ fən shtoiˈbən [key], 1730–94, Prussian army officer,…