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Braudel, Fernand

(Encyclopedia) Braudel, Fernand, 1902–85, French historian. He studied under Lucien Febvre and was a founder of the Annales school of historiography. As a German prisoner-of-war during World War II,…

Czech Legion

(Encyclopedia) Czech Legion, military force of about 40,000 to 50,000 men, composed mostly of Czech and Slovak Russian prisoners of war and deserters from the Austro-Hungarian army who enrolled in…

Hurley, Patrick Jay

(Encyclopedia) Hurley, Patrick Jay, 1883–1963, U.S. cabinet officer, b. Choctaw Territory (now in Oklahoma). Hurley practiced law in Tulsa, Okla., was (1912–17) national attorney for the Choctaw…

Justo, Agustín Pedro

(Encyclopedia) Justo, Agustín PedroJusto, Agustín Pedroäg&oomacr;stēnˈ pāˈᵺrō h&oomacr;sˈtō [key], 1876–1943, president of Argentina (1932–38). An army general, he rose to prominence (1922)…

Royall, Kenneth Claiborne

(Encyclopedia) Royall, Kenneth Claiborne, 1894–1971, U.S. army officer and government official, b. Goldsboro, N.C., grad. Univ. of North Carolina (1914), Harvard Law School (1917). Royall served in…

Ryti, Risto

(Encyclopedia) Ryti, RistoRyti, Ristorēˈstō rüˈtē [key], 1889–1956, Finnish political leader. In 1919 he was elected to the Finnish diet. He later served as minister of finance (1921–24) and as…

Gorgas, Josiah

(Encyclopedia) Gorgas, JosiahGorgas, Josiahgôrˈgəs [key], 1818–83, chief of ordnance in the Confederate army during the American Civil War, b. Dauphin co., Pa.; father of William Crawford Gorgas. He…

Dix, Otto

(Encyclopedia) Dix, Otto, 1891–1969, German painter and draftsman. Dix fought in World War I and returned to Düsseldorf haunted by the horrors he had witnessed. In 1924 he published War, a series of…

Clausewitz, Karl von

(Encyclopedia) Clausewitz, Karl vonClausewitz, Karl vonkärl fən klouˈzəvĭts [key], 1780–1831, Prussian general and military strategist. Clausewitz was an original thinker most influenced by the…

privateering

(Encyclopedia) privateering, former usage of war permitting privately owned and operated war vessels (privateers) under commission of a belligerent government to capture enemy shipping. Private…