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Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino

(Encyclopedia) Sarmiento, Domingo FaustinoSarmiento, Domingo Faustinodōmēngˈgō foustēˈnō särmyānˈtō [key], 1811–88, Argentine statesman, educator, and author, president of the republic (1868–74). An…

Lomax, John Avery

(Encyclopedia) Lomax, John AveryLomax, John Averylōˈmăks [key], 1867–1948, American folklorist, b. Goodman, Miss. Lomax's first book, Cowboy Songs (1910), contained for the first time in print such…

Auster, Paul

(Encyclopedia) Auster, PaulAuster, Paulôˈstər [key], 1947–, American writer, b. Newark, N.J. After publishing four volumes of poetry, he wrote his first novel, Squeeze Play (1982). A compelling…

Matthiessen, Peter

(Encyclopedia) Matthiessen, PeterMatthiessen, Petermăthˈəsən [key], American writer, naturalist, and adventurer, b. New York City, grad. Yale (1950). A founder (1951) of the literary Paris Review, he…

Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de

(Encyclopedia) Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte deChateaubriand, François René, vicomte defräNswäˈ rənāˈ vēkôNtˈ də shätōbrēäNˈ [key], 1768–1848, French writer. Chateaubriand was a founder of…

Francis Xavier, Saint

(Encyclopedia) Francis Xavier, Saint, 1506–52, Basque Jesuit missionary, called the Apostle to the Indies, b. Spanish Navarre, of noble parents. He studied in Paris (1525–34), where he became an…

White, Edmund

(Encyclopedia) White, Edmund (Edmund Valentine White 3d), 1940–, American writer, b. Cincinnati, B.A. Univ. of Michigan, 1962. White is one of the best known—and probably the finest stylist—of the…

Addison, Joseph

(Encyclopedia) Addison, Joseph, 1672–1719, English essayist, poet, and statesman. He was educated at Charterhouse, where he was a classmate of Richard Steele, and at Oxford, where he became a…

refraction

(Encyclopedia) refraction, in physics, deflection of a wave on passing obliquely from one transparent medium into a second medium in which its speed is different, as the passage of a light ray from…