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Spada, Lionello

(Encyclopedia) Spada, LionelloSpada, Lionellolyōnĕlˈlō späˈdä [key], 1576–1622, Italian painter, active mainly in Emilia. His signature was an L placed across a sword [Ital. spada=sword]. His work…

Cressy, Hugh Paulinus

(Encyclopedia) Cressy, Hugh PaulinusCressy, Hugh Paulinuskrĕˈsē [key], 1605–74, English Benedictine monk. He was educated at Oxford and converted to Roman Catholicism in Rome in 1646. His…

German Volga Republic

(Encyclopedia) German Volga Republic, former autonomous republic of the USSR, c.18,000 sq mi (46,600 sq km), along the lower Volga of SW Russia. Its largely German population was descended from the…

Hermitage, museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

(Encyclopedia) HermitageHermitageĕrˌmētäzhˈ [key], museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, one of the world's foremost houses of art, consisting of six buildings along the embankment of the Neva River. Its…

How to Use The Columbia Encyclopedia

The Columbia Encyclopedia is easy to use. All articles are arranged alphabetically with each article heading in boldface type. The headings of biographical articles are inverted and alphabetized by…

Lomonosov

(Encyclopedia) LomonosovLomonosovləmənôˈsəf [key], formerly OranienbaumOranienbaumoräˈnyənboum [key], city (1989 pop. 42,000), NW European Russia, on the Gulf of Finland. It is a rail terminus and…

David, Gerard

(Encyclopedia) David or Davit, GerardDavid or Davit, Gerardboth: gāˈrärt däˈvēt [key], c.1460–1523, Flemish painter, b. Oudewater, Holland. By 1484 he had established himself in Bruges, where he…

Nattier, Jean-Marc

(Encyclopedia) Nattier, Jean-MarcNattier, Jean-MarczhäN-märk nätyāˈ [key], 1685–1766, French painter; son of the painter Marc Nattier and the miniaturist Marie Courtois. His early works include…

Sodoma, Il

(Encyclopedia) Sodoma, IlSodoma, Ilēl sôˈdōmä [key], c.1477–1549, Sienese painter, whose real name was Giovanni Antonio Bazzi. Born in Vercelli, Piedmont, he went to Rome c.1508. Commissioned by Pope…

Paley, Grace

(Encyclopedia) Paley, Grace, 1922–2007, American writer and social activist, b. the Bronx, N.Y., as Grace Goodside. In short stories mainly celebrating the lives of women, Paley paints the daily…