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Masséna, André

(Encyclopedia) Masséna, AndréMasséna, AndréäNdrāˈ mäsānäˈ [key], 1758–1817, marshal of France, b. Nice. Of humble origin, he entered (1791) the French army and rose rapidly because of his brilliant…

Cleland, Max

(Encyclopedia) Cleland, Max, 1942-2021, American politician, b. Atlanta, GA, as Joseph Maxwell Cleland, Stetson Univ. (B.A., 1964), Emory Univ. (M.A., 1968). Cleland enlisted in the Army in 1965…

Edwards, John Reid

(Encyclopedia) Edwards, John Reid (Johnny Reid Edwards), 1953–, U.S. politician, b. Seneca, S.C., grad. North Carolina State Univ. (B.A., 1974), Univ. of North Carolina (J.D., 1977). The son of a…

farming, in taxation

(Encyclopedia) farming, in the history of taxation, collection of taxes through private contractors. Usually, the tax farmer paid a lump sum to the public treasury; the difference between that sum…

Bowers, Claude Gernade

(Encyclopedia) Bowers, Claude GernadeBowers, Claude Gernadezhərnädˈ bouˈərz [key], 1878–1958, American journalist, historian, and diplomat, b. Hamilton co., Ind. After serving as editor of the Fort…

Blair, Montgomery

(Encyclopedia) Blair, Montgomery, 1813–83, U.S. Postmaster General (1861–64), b. Franklin co., Ky., son of Francis P. Blair (1791–1876). He resigned from the army in 1836 after serving against the…

Willet, Marinus

(Encyclopedia) Willet, MarinusWillet, Marinusmərēˈnəs wĭlˈĭt [key], 1740–1830, American Revolutionary soldier, b. Jamaica, N.Y. In the French and Indian War he was (1758) a member of the expeditions…

Waldeck-Rousseau, René

(Encyclopedia) Waldeck-Rousseau, RenéWaldeck-Rousseau, Renérənāˈ väldĕkˈ-r&oomacr;sōˈ [key], 1846–1904, French statesman. Belonging to the republican left, he was twice minister of the interior (…

Hughes, Charles Evans

(Encyclopedia) Hughes, Charles EvansHughes, Charles Evanshy&oomacr;z [key], 1862–1948, American statesman and jurist, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1910–16), U.S. secretary of…