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Wang Yang-ming

(Encyclopedia) Wang Yang-mingWang Yang-mingwäng yäng-mĭng [key], 1472–1529, Chinese philosopher. He developed an idealist interpretation of Confucianism that denied the rationalist dualism of the…

Estienne

(Encyclopedia) Estienne,&sp;ÉtienneEstienne,both: ātyĕnˈ [key], or, Latinized, StephanusEstienne,stĕfˈənəs [key], family of Parisian and Genevan printers of the 16th and 17th cent., distinguished…

Arabic languages

(Encyclopedia) Arabic languages, members of the West Semitic group of the Semitic subdivision of the Afroasiatic family of languages (see Afroasiatic languages). The Arabic languages comprise North…

Stockhausen, Karlheinz

(Encyclopedia) Stockhausen, KarlheinzStockhausen, Karlheinzkärlˈhīnts shtôkˈhouzən [key], 1928–2007, German composer, music theorist, and teacher; his first name also appears as Karl Heinz. He…

Sanskrit

(Encyclopedia) SanskritSanskritsănˈskrĭt [key], language belonging to the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Indo-Iranian). Sanskrit was the…

ironwork, ornamental

(Encyclopedia) ironwork, ornamental. The shaping of wrought iron, used almost exclusively until the 16th cent., is primarily an art of the blacksmith, who must work with the metal while it is at the…

nonlinear dynamics

(Encyclopedia) nonlinear dynamics, study of systems governed by equations in which a small change in one variable can induce a large systematic change; the discipline is more popularly known as chaos…

Mendelssohn, Felix

(Encyclopedia) Mendelssohn, Felix (Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn)Mendelssohn, Felixmĕnˈdəlsən, Ger. yäˈkôp l&oobreve;tˈvĭkh fāˈlĭks mĕnˈdəls-zōnˌ [key], 1809–47, German composer; grandson of the…

Persian literature

(Encyclopedia) Persian literature, literary writings in the Persian language, nearly all of it written in the area traditionally known as Persia, now Iran. The 15th cent. period of the second…

Beethoven, Ludwig van

(Encyclopedia) Beethoven, Ludwig vanBeethoven, Ludwig vanlŭdˈwĭg văn bāˈtōvən, Ger. l&oobreve;tˈvĭkh fän bātˈhōfən [key], 1770–1827, German composer. He is universally recognized as one of the…