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Hesburgh, Theodore Martin

(Encyclopedia) Hesburgh, Theodore Martin, 1917–2015, American educator and civil rights advocate, b. Syracuse, N.Y., grad. Pontifical Gregorian Univ. (1939), Catholic Univ. of America (Ph.D., 1945).…

Grimké, Sarah Moore

(Encyclopedia) Grimké, Sarah Moore, 1792–1873, American abolitionist and advocate of women's rights, b. Charleston, S.C. She came from a distinguished Southern family. On a visit to Philadelphia,…

sharecropping

(Encyclopedia) sharecropping, an agricultural system in which a landowner allows a tenant to use their land in return for a share of the crop produced…

Biddle, James

(Encyclopedia) Biddle, James, 1783–1848, U.S. naval officer and diplomat, b. Philadelphia. He became a midshipman in 1800. At the beginning of the War of 1812 he was first lieutenant on the Wasp; he…

Paul, Alice

(Encyclopedia) Paul, Alice, 1885–1977, American feminist, b. Moorestown, N.J. She helped found the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (1913), which became the National Woman's party (1917). After…

Wood, Jethro

(Encyclopedia) Wood, Jethro, 1774–1834, American inventor, b. either in Dartmouth, Mass., or in Washington co., N.Y. In 1814, while a farmer in Cayuga co., N.Y., he patented a cast-iron plow in which…

Woodson, Carter Godwin

(Encyclopedia) Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875–1950, African-American educator, b. New Canton, Va., Ph.D. Harvard (1912). He taught at Howard Univ. and helped organize (1915) the Association for the…

Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell

(Encyclopedia) Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell, 1877–1934, American historian, an authority on the antebellum South, b. La Grange, Ga. After teaching at the Univ. of Wisconsin (1902–8), he was professor of…

Tuskegee University

(Encyclopedia) Tuskegee University, at Tuskegee, Ala.; coeducational; chartered and opened 1881 by Booker T. Washington as Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. It became Tuskegee Institute in…