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National Gallery of Art

(Encyclopedia) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution, established by an act of Congress, 1937. Andrew W. Mellon donated funds for construction of the…

Memorial Poetry

top all the clocks, cut off the telephone . . . compiled by Erin Teare Excerpts from memorial poems by some of the world's greatest poets, including William Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, and E. E…

2002 National Book Critics Circle Awards

Fiction: Atonement, Ian McEwan (Nan A. Talese/Doubleday) General Nonfiction: A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide, Samantha Power (New Republic/Basic Books) Biography or…

Nobel Prizes (table)

(Encyclopedia) Nobel Prizes Year Peace Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature 1901 J. H. Dunant Frédéric Passy J. H. van't Hoff W. C. Roentgen E. A. von Behring R. F. A. Sully-…

Acknowledgments

The first five editions of The Columbia Encyclopedia were published in 1935, 1950, 1963, 1975, and 1993. All editions owe a debt of gratitude to Clark Fisher Ansley, the editor of the first edition,…

Republican party

(Encyclopedia) Republican party, American political party. In 1980, the conservative Ronald Reagan, a former supporter of Barry Goldwater, regained the presidency for the Republicans and…

Doug Wickenheiser Biography

Doug WickenheiserAge: 37 St. Louis Blues center from 1983-87, best remembered for his overtime playoff goal in 1986 that became known as the "Monday Night Miracle"; on May 12, 1986 St. Louis…

Audubon, John James

(Encyclopedia) Audubon, John JamesAudubon, John Jamesôˈdəbŏn [key], 1785–1851, American ornithologist, b. Les Cayes, Santo Domingo (now Haiti). The illegitimate son of a French sea captain and…

Deve Gowda, H. D.

(Encyclopedia) Deve Gowda, H. D. (Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve Gowda)Deve Gowda, H. D.härˌədänˌəhäˈlē dōˈdā dāˈvā gouˈdə [key], 1933–, Indian political leader, prime minister of India (1996–97), b…

Hart, H. L. A.

(Encyclopedia) Hart, H. L. A. (Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart), 1907–92, British legal philosopher. A lawyer and trained philosopher—he was a legal positivist—Hart subjected legal concepts to scrutiny…