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Bardeen, John

(Encyclopedia) Bardeen, JohnBardeen, Johnbärdēnˈ [key], 1908–91, American physicist, b. Madison, Wis., grad. Univ. of Wisconsin (B.S. 1928, M.S. 1929), Ph.D. Princeton, 1936. He was a research…

Somers, John Somers, Baron

(Encyclopedia) Somers, John Somers or Sommers, BaronSomers, John Somers or Sommers, Baronsŭmˈərz [key], 1651–1716, English jurist and statesman. In the Glorious Revolution he secured Parliament's…

Presidential Medal of Freedom

The Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, recognizes exceptional meritorious service. The medal was established by President…

Frankfurt School

(Encyclopedia) Frankfurt School, a group of researchers associated with the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute of Social Research), founded in 1923 as an autonomous division of the Univ. of…

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey

(Encyclopedia) Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 1537?–1583, English soldier, navigator, and explorer; half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh. Knighted (1570) for his service in the campaigns in Ireland, he later (…

lie detector

(Encyclopedia) lie detector, instrument designed to record bodily changes resulting from the telling of a lie. Cesare Lombroso, in 1895, was the first to utilize such an instrument, but it was not…

Moholy-Nagy, László

(Encyclopedia) Moholy-Nagy, LászlóMoholy-Nagy, Lászlóläˈslō môˈhôlē-nŏˈdyə [key], 1895–1946, Hungarian painter, designer, and experimental photographer. He turned to art after studying law. While…

Mudd, Roger Harrison

(Encyclopedia) Mudd, Roger Harrison, 1928-2021, American broadcast journalist, b. Washington, D.C., Washington and Lee Univ. (BA, 1950), Univ. of N.C…

Breuer, Marcel Lajos

(Encyclopedia) Breuer, Marcel LajosBreuer, Marcel Lajosbroiˈər [key], 1902–81, American architect and furniture designer, b. Hungary. During the 1920s he was associated, both as student and as…