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X-ray crystallography

(Encyclopedia) X-ray crystallography, the study of crystal structures through X-ray diffraction techniques. When an X-ray beam bombards a crystalline lattice in a given orientation, the beam is…

Ray, John

(Encyclopedia) Ray or Wray, John, 1627–1705, English naturalist. He was extremely influential in laying the foundations of systematic biology. With his pupil Francis Willughby, he planned a complete…

X-ray astronomy

(Encyclopedia) X-ray astronomy, study of celestial objects by means of the X rays they emit, in the wavelength range from 0.01 to 10 nanometers. X-ray astronomy dates to 1949 with the discovery that…

gamma-ray astronomy

(Encyclopedia) gamma-ray astronomy, study of astronomical objects by analysis of the most energetic electromagnetic radiation they emit. Gamma rays are shorter in wavelength and hence more energetic…

Ray, Satyajit

(Encyclopedia) Ray, SatyajitRay, Satyajitsätyäˈjĭt rī, rā [key], 1921–92, Indian film director, b. Calcutta (now Kolkata). His subtle, austere, and delicately lyrical films made him one of the…

X ray

(Encyclopedia) CE5 Typical X-ray composite spectrum (intensity as a function of frequency) X ray, invisible, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter wavelength (higher…

stingray

(Encyclopedia) stingray: see ray.

sawfish

(Encyclopedia) sawfish: see ray.

manta

(Encyclopedia) manta: see ray.