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Shannon, Claude Elwood

(Encyclopedia) Shannon, Claude Elwood, 1916–2001, American applied mathematician, b. Gaylord, Michigan. A student of Vannevar Bush at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he was the first…

Kemp, Jack French

(Encyclopedia) Kemp, Jack French, 1935–2009, American politician and government official, b. Los Angeles. He played football while at Occidental College (grad. 1957) and was a professional…

Noriega, Manuel Antonio

(Encyclopedia) Noriega, Manuel AntonioNoriega, Manuel Antoniomänwĕlˈ äntōˈnyō nôryāˈgə [key], 1934–2017, Panamanian general. Commander of the Panamanian Defense Forces from 1983, when he promoted…

Mondale, Walter Frederick

(Encyclopedia) Mondale, Walter Frederick ("Fritz"), 1928–2021, Vice President of the United States (1977–81), b. Ceylon, Minn., Univ. of Minn. (B.A.,…

Colby, William Egan

(Encyclopedia) Colby, William Egan, 1920–96, American public official, b. St. Paul, Minn., grad. Princeton, 1940. During World War II he served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and in 1944…

Cruz, Ted

(Encyclopedia) Cruz, Ted (Raphael Edward), 1970- , American politician, b. Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Princeton Univ. (B.A., 1992), Harvard Law School…

Thomas, Clarence

(Encyclopedia) Thomas, Clarence, 1948–, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1991–), b. Pin Point (Savannah), Ga. Raised in a poor family, he graduated (1974) from the Yale Law School and…

green flash

(Encyclopedia) green flash or emerald flash, a refractive phenomenon of the atmosphere where the top edge of the setting (or, less frequently, rising) sun will momentarily turn emerald green. The…

Powell, Colin Luther

(Encyclopedia) Powell, Colin Luther, 1937–2021, U.S. army general and government official, b. New York City, grad., City College (B.S., 1958); George…

Congress of Racial Equality

(Encyclopedia) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), civil-rights organization founded (1942) in Chicago by James Farmer. Dedicated to the use of nonviolent direct action, CORE initially sought to…