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Louis, titular duke of Burgundy

(Encyclopedia) Louis, 1682–1712, titular duke of Burgundy; grandson of King Louis XIV of France. He became heir to the throne on the death (1711) of his father, Louis the Great Dauphin. François de…

Luchaire, Achille

(Encyclopedia) Luchaire, AchilleLuchaire, Achilleäshēlˈ lüshĕrˈ [key], 1846–1908, French historian. He edited, in collaboration with Berthold Zeller, L'Histoire de France racontée par les…

black humor

(Encyclopedia) black humor, in literature, drama, and film, grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or…

Pitcairn, John

(Encyclopedia) Pitcairn, JohnPitcairn, Johnpĭtˈkârn [key], 1722–75, British royal marine officer in the American Revolution. Major Pitcairn commanded the advance guard of the British troops at…

San Ildefonso, town, Spain

(Encyclopedia) San IldefonsoSan Ildefonsosän ēldāfōnˈsō [key] or La GranjaSan Ildefonsolä grängˈhä [key], town (1990 pop. 5,088), Segovia prov., central Spain, in Castile and León. Near the town is…

South Kingstown

(Encyclopedia) South KingstownSouth Kingstownkĭngˈstən, kĭngzˈtounˌ [key], town (1990 pop. 24,631), seat of Washington co., S R.I.; settled 1641, inc. 1674 as Kings Towne, divided into South…

Hundred Years War

(Encyclopedia) Hundred Years War, 1337–1453, conflict between England and France. The Hundred Years War inflicted untold misery on France. Farmlands were laid waste, the population was decimated by…

Innocent III

(Encyclopedia) Innocent III, b. 1160 or 1161, d. 1216, pope (1198–1216), an Italian, b. Anagni, named Lotario di Segni; successor of Celestine III. Innocent III was succeeded by Honorius III. Amid…

Württemberg

(Encyclopedia) WürttembergWürttembergvürˈtəmbĕrkˌ [key], former state, SW Germany. Württemberg was formerly also spelled Würtemberg and Wirtemberg. The former state bordered on Baden in the northwest…

apology

(Encyclopedia) apology [Gr.,=defense], literary work that defends, justifies, or clarifies an author's ideas or point of view. Unlike the ordinary use of the word, the literary use neither implies…