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David II, king of Scotland

(Encyclopedia) David II (David Bruce), 1324–71, king of Scotland (1329–71), son and successor of Robert I. David's guardians were not strong enough to prevent the invasion (1332) of Scotland by…

Clement VIII, pope

(Encyclopedia) Clement VIII, 1536–1605, pope (1592–1605), a Florentine named Ippolito Aldobrandini; successor of Innocent IX. He reversed the policy of his predecessors by allying the Holy See with…

Alphonse

(Encyclopedia) AlphonseAlphonseälfôNsˈ [key], 1220–71, count of Poitiers and of Toulouse, brother of King Louis IX of France. By his marriage to the daughter of Raymond VII, count of Toulouse, he…

Robert II, duke of Normandy

(Encyclopedia) Robert II (Robert Curthose), c.1054–1134, duke of Normandy (1087–1106); eldest son of King William I of England. Aided by King Philip I of France, he rebelled (1077) against his father…

Reichstein, Tadeus

(Encyclopedia) Reichstein, TadeusReichstein, Tadeustädĕˈ&oomacr;sh rīkhˈshtīn [key], 1897–1996, Swiss organic chemist, b. Vlotslavsk, Russia (now Włocławek, Poland), educated at the technical…

Sickles, Daniel Edgar

(Encyclopedia) Sickles, Daniel Edgar, 1819–1914, American politician, Union general in the Civil War, b. New York City. A lawyer, he became active in Democratic politics, serving in the New York…

Sluis

(Encyclopedia) SluisSluisslois [key], municipality, Zeeland prov., SW Netherlands, on the Scheldt estuary, near the Belgian border. Sluis was founded in the 13th cent. and later accorded trading…

Oratory, Congregation of the

(Encyclopedia) Oratory, Congregation of the [Lat. abbr., Cong. Orat.], in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1575, an association of secular priests organized into independent communities…

Pembroke, William Herbert, 3d earl of

(Encyclopedia) Pembroke, William Herbert, 3d earl of, 1580–1630, English courtier and patron of letters. Son of Mary Herbert, countess of Pembroke, and nephew of Sir Philip Sidney, he was tutored by…

Ottocar I

(Encyclopedia) Ottocar IOttocar Iŏtˈəkär [key] or Přemysl Ottocar IPřemysl Ottocar Ipərzhĕmˈĭsəl ôtˈôkär [key], d. 1230, duke (1197–98) and king (1198–1230) of Bohemia. The struggle within the Holy…