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Amiens, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) Amiens, Treaty of, 1802, peace treaty signed by France, Spain, and the Batavian Republic on the one hand and Great Britain on the other. It is generally regarded as marking the end of…

Kassel

(Encyclopedia) KasselKasselkäsˈəl [key], city (1994 pop. 202,160), Hesse, central Germany, on the Fulda River. It is an industrial, rail, and cultural center. Manufactures include textiles, optical…

María Luisa

(Encyclopedia) María LuisaMaría Luisamärēˈä [key]María Luisal&oomacr;ēˈsä [key], 1751–1819, queen of Spain, daughter of Duke Philip of Parma, consort of King Charles IV. Dissolute and…

Chouans

(Encyclopedia) ChouansChouanssh&oomacr;ˈənz, Fr. shwäN [key] [Norman Fr.,=owls], peasants of W France who rose against the French Revolutionary government in 1793. One of their first leaders was…

Rostopchin, Feodor Vasilyevich, Count

(Encyclopedia) Rostopchin, Feodor Vasilyevich, CountRostopchin, Feodor Vasilyevich, Countfyôˈdər vəsēˈlyəvĭch, rəstəpchēnˈ [key], 1763–1826, Russian general and statesman. He rose rapidly under Czar…

Volney, Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de

(Encyclopedia) Volney, Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte deVolney, Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte dekôNstäNtăNˈ fräNswäˈ də shäsböfˈ kôNt də vôlnāˈ [key], 1757–1820, French scholar.…

Favre, Jules

(Encyclopedia) Favre, JulesFavre, Juleszhül fäˈvrə [key], 1809–80, French statesman. At first a partisan of the July Monarchy, he joined the republican opposition to King Louis Philippe. After the…

Canova, Antonio

(Encyclopedia) Canova, AntonioCanova, Antonioäntôˈnyō känôˈvä [key], 1757–1822, Italian sculptor. He was a leading exponent of the neoclassical school whose influence on the art of his time was…

Yorck von Wartenburg, Ludwig, Graf

(Encyclopedia) Yorck von Wartenburg or York von Wartenburg, Ludwig, GrafYorck von Wartenburg or York von Wartenburg, Ludwig, Grafboth: l&oobreve;tˈvĭkh gräf yôrk fən värˈtənb&oobreve;rkh [key…

Alexander I, czar of Russia

(Encyclopedia) Alexander I, 1777–1825, czar of Russia (1801–25), son of Paul I (in whose murder he may have taken an indirect part). In the first years of his reign the liberalism of his Swiss tutor…