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Muhammad Abduh

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad Abduh 1849–1905, Egyptian Muslim religious reformer. His encounter in 1872 with Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, in the Cairo mosque-university of al-Azhar, led to his transition from…

Mussadegh, Muhammad

(Encyclopedia) Mussadegh, MuhammadMussadegh, Muhammadm&oomacr;hämˈmäd m&oomacr;ˈsädāg [key], 1880–1967, Iranian political leader, prime minister of Iran (1951–53). He held a variety of…

Yunus, Muhammad

(Encyclopedia) Yunus, Muhammad, 1940–, Bangladeshi economist and banker, b. Chittagong (then in British India), grad. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn. (Ph.D. 1971). Yunus, who taught economics in…

Johnston, Mary

(Encyclopedia) Johnston, Mary, 1870–1936, American novelist, b. Buchanan, Va. Her books combine romance with history. She is chiefly remembered for To Have and to Hold (1900), a story of colonial…

Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad Reza Shah PahleviMuhammad Reza Shah Pahlevim&oomacr;hämˈmäd rĭzä shä păˈləvē [key], 1919–80, shah of Iran (1941–79). Educated in Switzerland, he returned (1935) to Iran to…

Ayub Khan, Muhammad

(Encyclopedia) Ayub Khan, MuhammadAyub Khan, Muhammadməhămˈĭd äˈy&oobreve;b kän [key], 1907–74, military leader and president (1958–69) of Pakistan. He was commissioned in the British Indian army…

Ibrahim Pasha

(Encyclopedia) Ibrahim PashaIbrahim Pashaēbrähēmˈ päˈshä [key], 1789–1848, Egyptian general. He was the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, governor of Egypt under the Ottoman Empire. Ibrahim conducted (1816…

Mohammed, W. Deen

(Encyclopedia) Mohammed, W. Deen (Warith Deen Mohammed), 1933–2008, American Muslim leader, b. Detroit as Wallace Dean Muhammad. The son of Nation of Islam (Black Muslim) leader Elijah Muhammad, he…

Navarino, battle of

(Encyclopedia) Navarino, battle ofNavarino, battle ofnävärēˈnō [key], 1827, naval battle resulting from the intervention of the European powers in the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman…

translation

(Encyclopedia) translation [Lat.,=carrying across], the rendering of a text into another language. Applied to literature, the term connotes the art of recomposing a work in another language without…