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Ormonde, James Butler, 12th earl and 1st duke of

(Encyclopedia) Ormonde, James Butler, 12th earl and 1st duke ofOrmonde, James Butler, 12th earl and 1st duke ofôrˈmənd [key], 1610–88, Irish statesman, most powerful royalist influence in Ireland…

Douglas, Archibald, 5th earl of Angus

(Encyclopedia) Douglas, Archibald, 5th earl of Angus, 1449–1514, Scottish nobleman. He was a member of the faction that allied with Edward IV of England in opposition to the influence of Robert…

James, epistle of the New Testament

(Encyclopedia) James, letter of the New Testament, traditionally classified among the Catholic, or General, Epistles. The James of its ascription is traditionally identified with St. James the Less.…

Franklin, Ann Smith

(Encyclopedia) Franklin, Ann Smith, 1696–1763, American printer; sister-in-law of Benjamin Franklin. After the death in 1735 of her husband, James Franklin, she carried on his commercial printing…

Aragón, house of

(Encyclopedia) Aragón, house of, family that ruled in Aragón, Catalonia, Majorca, Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Athens, and other territories in the Middle Ages. It was descended from Ramiro I of Aragón…

Penal Laws

(Encyclopedia) Penal Laws, in English and Irish history, term generally applied to the body of discriminatory and oppressive legislation directed chiefly against Roman Catholics but also against…

Charles II, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland

(Encyclopedia) Charles II, 1630–85, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660–85), eldest surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. Charles was a ruler of considerable political skill. His…

James, Saint (St. James the Greater)

(Encyclopedia) James, Saint, d. c.a.d. 43, in the Bible, one of the Twelve Apostles, called St. James the Greater. He was the son of Zebedee and the brother of St. John; these brothers were the…

James Winthrop: Agrippa XIX

Agrippa XIXJames Winthrop5 February 1788by James WinthropTo the Massachusetts Convention.Gentlemen,In my last address I ascertained. from historical records, the following principles: that.…

Stuart, Arabella

(Encyclopedia) Stuart or Stewart, Arabella, 1575–1615, cousin of James I of England (James VI of Scotland). She was the daughter of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, younger brother of Lord Darnley,…