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Thousand and One Nights

(Encyclopedia) Thousand and One Nights or Arabian Nights, series of anonymous stories in Arabic, considered as an entity to be among the classics of world literature. The cohesive plot device…

Baldwin, James

(Encyclopedia) Baldwin, James, 1924–87, American author, b. New York City. He spent an impoverished boyhood in Harlem, became a Pentecostal preacher at 14, and left the church three years later. He…

Schumann, Robert Alexander

(Encyclopedia) Schumann, Robert AlexanderSchumann, Robert Alexandersh&oomacr;ˈmän [key], 1810–56, German composer. Both as a composer and as a highly articulate music critic he was a leader of…

Murdoch, Dame Iris

(Encyclopedia) Murdoch, Dame Iris (Dame Jean Iris Murdoch)Murdoch, Dame Irismûrˈdŏk [key], 1919–99, British novelist and philosopher, b. Dublin, Ireland, grad. Oxford (1942). In 1948 she was named…

Atwood, Margaret Eleanor

(Encyclopedia) Atwood, Margaret Eleanor, 1939–, Canadian novelist and poet. Atwood is a skilled and powerful storyteller whose novels, set mainly in the near future, sometimes make use of such…

computer graphics

(Encyclopedia) computer graphics, the transfer of pictorial data into and out of a computer. Using analog-to-digital conversion techniques, a variety of devices—such as curve tracers, digitizers, and…

Chagall, Marc

(Encyclopedia) Chagall, MarcChagall, Marcmärk shəgälˈ [key], 1887–1985, Russian painter. In 1907, Chagall left his native Vitebsk for St. Petersburg, where he studied under L. N. Bakst. In Paris (…

Gibbon, Edward

(Encyclopedia) Gibbon, Edward, 1737–94, English historian, author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. His childhood was sickly, and he had little formal education but read…

Galbraith, John Kenneth

(Encyclopedia) Galbraith, John KennethGalbraith, John Kennethgălˈbrāth [key], 1908–2006, American economist and public official, b. Ontario, Canada, grad. Univ. of Toronto (B.S., 1931), Univ. of…

Ruskin, John

(Encyclopedia) Ruskin, John, 1819–1900, English critic and social theorist. During the mid-19th cent. Ruskin was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England, but Ruskin's reputation declined…