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Hess, Moses

(Encyclopedia) Hess, Moses, 1812–75, German socialist. He was responsible for converting Engels to Communism, and he early introduced Marx to social and economic problems. Hess played a prominent…

Mannheim, Karl

(Encyclopedia) Mannheim, KarlMannheim, Karlmänˈhīm [key], 1893–1947, Austro-Hungarian sociologist and historian, born and educated in Hungary. He taught at Heidelberg and Frankfurt and, from 1933 to…

Arrabal, Fernando

(Encyclopedia) Arrabal, FernandoArrabal, Fernandofārnänˈdō äräbälˈ [key], 1932–, French playwright, b. Melilla, Morocco. He studied law in Madrid before moving to Paris in 1954. His plays, which…

Luther, Hans

(Encyclopedia) Luther, HansLuther, Hanshäns l&oomacr;ˈtər [key], 1879–1962, German statesman. As Gustav Stresemann's minister of finance he aided Hjalmar Schacht in stabilizing the German…

dialectical materialism

(Encyclopedia) dialectical materialism, official philosophy of Communism, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as elaborated by G. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Lenin, and Joseph Stalin. In…

Hobsbawm, Eric John Ernest

(Encyclopedia) Hobsbawm, Eric John Ernest , 1917–2012, British Marxist historian, b. Alexandria, Egypt. Educated at Cambridge (Ph.D., 1951), he joined the Communist party there in 1936. He served in…

Kohler, Kaufmann

(Encyclopedia) Kohler, KaufmannKohler, Kaufmannkoufˈmən kōˈlər [key], 1843–1926, American rabbi, scholar, and leader in Reform Judaism, b. Bavaria. He emigrated to the United States in 1869 and…