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Arles, kingdom of
(Encyclopedia) Arles, kingdom of, was formed in 933, when Rudolf II, king of Transjurane Burgundy, united the kingdom of Provence or Cisjurane Burgundy to his lands and established his capital at…Ephesus, Council of
(Encyclopedia) Ephesus, Council of, 431, 3d ecumenical council, convened by Theodosius II, emperor of the East, and Valentinian III, emperor of the West, to deal with the controversy over…Godfrey of Bouillon
(Encyclopedia) Godfrey of BouillonGodfrey of Bouillonb&oomacr;yôNˈ [key], c.1058–1100, Crusader, duke of Lower Lorraine. He fought for Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV against Pope Gregory VII and…Gregory IX
(Encyclopedia) Gregory IX, 1143?–1241, pope (1227–41), an Italian named Ugolino di Segni, b. Anagni; successor of Honorius III. As cardinal under his uncle, Innocent III, he became, at St. Francis'…Julian the Apostate
(Encyclopedia) Julian the Apostate (Flavius Claudius Julianus), 331?–363, Roman emperor (361–63), nephew of Constantine I; successor of Constantius II. He was given an education that combined…John III, king of Poland
(Encyclopedia) John III (John Sobieski)John IIIsôbyĕˈskē [key], 1624–96, king of Poland (1674–96), champion of Christian Europe against the Ottomans. Born to an ancient noble family, he was appointed…Otto III, Holy Roman emperor
(Encyclopedia) Otto III, 980–1002, Holy Roman emperor (996–1002) and German king (983–1002), son of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II and the Byzantine princess Theophano. On Otto's accession Henry the…Octavia
(Encyclopedia) OctaviaOctaviaŏktāˈvēə [key]. 1 d. 11 b.c., Roman matron, sister of Emperor Augustus and wife of Marc Antony, her second husband. For some years, she helped maintain peace between her…Marcellus
(Encyclopedia) MarcellusMarcellusmärsĕlˈəs [key], principal plebeian family of the ancient Roman gens Claudia. Marcus Claudius Marcellus, c.268–208 b.c., was consul five times. In his first…Marcus Aurelius
(Encyclopedia) Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus)Marcus Aureliusmärˈkəs ôrēˈlēəs [key], 121–180, Roman emperor, named originally Marcus Annius Verus. He was a nephew of Faustina, the…