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Middle Kingdom

(Encyclopedia) Middle Kingdom or Middle Country, Mandarin Zhongguo, Chinese name for China. It dates from c.1000 b.c., when it designated the Chou empire situated on the North China Plain. The Chou…

Huai

(Encyclopedia) Huai or HwaiHuaiboth: hwī [key], river, c.680 mi (1,090 km) long, rising in the Tongbai Mts., Henan prov., E China, and flowing E across Anhui prov., through Hongze Lake, to the East…

Shang

(Encyclopedia) ShangShangshäng [key] or Yin, dynasty of China, which ruled, according to traditional dates, from c.1766 b.c. to c.1122 b.c. or, according to some modern scholars, from c.1523 b.c. to…

Twenty-one Demands

(Encyclopedia) Twenty-one Demands (1915), instrument by which Japan secured temporary hegemony over China. Japan used its declaration of war against Germany (Aug., 1914) as grounds for invading…

Open Door

(Encyclopedia) Open Door, maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. As a specific policy, it was first advanced by the United…

Sino-Japanese War, First

(Encyclopedia) Sino-Japanese War, First, 1894–95, conflict between China and Japan for control of Korea in the late 19th cent. The Li-Ito Convention of 1885 provided for mutual troop withdrawals and…

Great Wall of China

(Encyclopedia) Great Wall of China, series of fortifications, c.3,890 mi (6,260 km) long (not including trenches and natural defensive barriers), winding across N China from Gansu prov. to Liaoning…

Shimonoseki, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) Shimonoseki, Treaty of, Apr. 17, 1895, ending the First Sino-Japanese War. It was negotiated and signed by Ito Hirobumi for Japan and Li Hung-chang for China. Harsh terms were imposed…

Sui

(Encyclopedia) SuiSuiswā [key], dynasty of China that ruled from 581 to 618. This short-lived dynasty reunified China in 589 after 400 years of division and laid the foundation for further…