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Whittingham, Charles

(Encyclopedia) Whittingham, CharlesWhittingham, Charleshwĭtˈĭnjəm, –ĭng-əm [key], 1767–1840, English printer. He established a printery in London in 1789, removing to Chiswick and founding the…

Catherine of Braganza

(Encyclopedia) Catherine of BraganzaCatherine of Braganzabrəgănˈzə [key], 1638–1705, queen consort of Charles II of England, daughter of John IV of Portugal. She was married to Charles in 1662. As…

Portsmouth, Louise Renée de Kéroualle, duchess of

(Encyclopedia) Portsmouth, Louise Renée de Kéroualle, duchess ofPortsmouth, Louise Renée de Kéroualle, duchess oflwēz rənāˈ də kār&oomacr;älˈ [key], 1649–1734, French mistress of Charles II of…

Lothair, king of Lotharingia

(Encyclopedia) Lothair, sometimes called Lothair II, d. 869, king of Lotharingia (855–69), second son of Emperor of the West Lothair I. He inherited the region bounded by the Rhine, Scheldt, Alps,…

Charles II, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily

(Encyclopedia) Charles II, 1661–1700, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1665–1700), son and successor of Philip IV. The last of the Spanish Hapsburgs, he was physically crippled and mentally…

Charles IV, duke of Lorraine

(Encyclopedia) Charles IV, 1604–75, duke of Lorraine. He succeeded to the duchy in 1624 but was to lose it several times because of his anti-French policy. In 1633, French troops invaded Lorraine in…

Charles, Ray

(Encyclopedia) Charles, Ray (Ray Charles Robinson), 1930–2004, African-American musician and composer, b. Albany, Ga. Blinded at age seven, he was raised in Florida and at 16 began singing in a local…

Charles Borromeo, Saint

(Encyclopedia) Charles Borromeo, SaintCharles Borromeo, Saintbōrōmāˈō [key], 1538–84, Italian churchman, b. near Lago Maggiore. His uncle, Pius IV, summoned Charles, a student at Pavia, to Rome in…

Lauderdale, John Maitland, duke of

(Encyclopedia) Lauderdale, John Maitland, duke ofLauderdale, John Maitland, duke oflôˈdərdāl [key], 1616–82, Scottish statesman. He entered public life as a staunch Presbyterian and was one of the…

Armagnacs and Burgundians

(Encyclopedia) Armagnacs and Burgundians, opposing factions that fought to control France in the early 15th cent. The rivalry for power between Louis d'Orléans, brother of the recurrently insane King…