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Bakr, Ahmad Hasan al-

(Encyclopedia) Bakr, Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr, Ahmad Hasan al-äkhmädˈ häsänˈ äl-bäkˈər [key], 1914–82, president of Iraq (1968–79). He served as an officer in the Iraqi army but was forced to retire (1958…

amphoterism

(Encyclopedia) amphoterismamphoterismămˌfətĕrˈĭzm [key], in chemistry, the property of certain substances of acting either as acids or as bases depending on the reaction in which they are involved.…

Abd al-Aziz IV

(Encyclopedia) Abd al-Aziz IV, 1880–1943, sultan of Morocco (1894–1908), son of Hassan. His weak control was evident after the death (c.1900) of the regent Ba Ahmed. His submissiveness to foreign…

Arabic literature

(Encyclopedia) Arabic literature, literary works written in the Arabic language. The great body of Arabic literature includes works by Arabic speaking Turks, Persians, Syrians, Egyptians, Indians,…

Maliki, Nuri Kamal al-

(Encyclopedia) Maliki, Nuri Kamal al-Maliki, Nuri Kamal al-n&oomacr;rˈē kämälˈ äl-mälˈĭkē [key], 1950–, Iraqi political leader. A Shiite who worked as an education official in Hilla, he was a…

Druze

(Encyclopedia) Druze or DruseDruzedr&oomacr;z [key], religious community of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, with important overseas branches in the Americas and Australia. The religious…

Haitham bin Tariq Al-Said

(Encyclopedia) Haitham bin Tariq Al-Said, 1954–, sultan of Oman (2020–). A member of the ruling family of Oman, he held various positions in the Omani foreign ministry (1986–2002) and served as…

Abd al-Hamid II

(Encyclopedia) Abd al-Hamid II, 1842–1918, Ottoman sultan (1876–1909). His uncle, Abd al-Aziz, was deposed from the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in 1876 by the Young Turks, a liberal…

Ghitani, Gamal al-

(Encyclopedia) Ghitani, Gamal al-, 1945–2015, Egyptian novelist and journalist. He studied Oriental carpet design and apprenticed as a carpet maker before turning to journalism. A strong supporter of…

Marshall, Kerry James

(Encyclopedia) Marshall, Kerry James, 1955–, American painter, b. Birmingham, Ala., B.F.A. Otis Art Institute (now Otis College of Art and Design), Los Angeles, 1978. A figurative and narrative…