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Federmann, Nikolaus

(Encyclopedia) Federmann, NikolausFedermann, Nikolausnēˈkōlous fāˈdərmän [key], 1501–42, German adventurer in Venezuela and Colombia. In the service of the Welser brothers, Augsburg bankers to whom…

Canaletto

(Encyclopedia) CanalettoCanalettokänälĕtˈtō [key], 1697–1768, Venetian painter, whose original name was Antonio Canal. He studied with his father, Bernardo Canal, a theatrical scene painter, and…

Temple, Shirley

(Encyclopedia) Temple, Shirley, 1928–2014, American child film star, b. Santa Monica, Calif., as Shirley Jane Temple. She started in movies at three-and-a-half and starred in her first feature (Stand…

Tompkins, Douglas Rainsford

(Encyclopedia) Tompkins, Douglas Rainsford, 1943–2015, American business executive, conservationist, and philanthropist, b. Conneaut, Ohio. In 1964, he and his first wife, Susie Tompkins Buell,…

Federal Farmer XVI

Federal Farmer XVI20 January 1788by Dear sir,Having gone through with the organization of the government, I shall now proceed to examine more particularly those clauses which respect its…

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Historical BackgroundThe McCulloch v. Maryland decision in 1819 fanned the flames of controversy over States' rights and national supremacy. By 1824, Chief Justice John Marshall had reached…

The Supreme Court: Punishing Students

Punishing StudentsThe Supreme CourtEducating Our KidsPunishing StudentsTesting for DrugsDealing with Sexual HarassmentLegalizing School Vouchers Schools always struggle with the issue of how…

Centinel V (excerpt)

Centinel V (excerpt)Fall 1787by The words "pursuant to the constitution" will be no restriction to the authority of congress; for the foregoing section gives them unlimited legislation; their…

U.S. Voting Rights

  When the Constitution was written, only white male property owners (about 10 to 16 percent of the nation's population) had the vote. Over the past two centuries, though, the term "government by…

Where Then is the Restraint?

Where Then is the Restraint?by This essay by "AN OLD WHIG" (see Antifederalist Nos. 18-20, 49, 50, and 70) appeared in the Maryland Gazette and Baltimore Advertiser on Nov. 2, 1788.See also…