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Alfonso VI, Spanish king of León and Castile

(Encyclopedia) Alfonso VI, 1030–1109, Spanish king of León (1065–1109) and Castile (1072–1109). He inherited León from his father, Ferdinand I. Defeated by his brother Sancho II of Castile, he fled…

zakat

(Encyclopedia) zakatzakatzə-kätˈ [key] [Arab.,=purification], Islamic religious tax, one of the five basic requirements (arkan or “pillars”) of Islam. All adult Muslims of sound mind and body with a…

Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Notes

  Notes [The references are, except in the first note only, to the stanzas of the Fifth edition.] (Stanza I.) Flinging a Stone into the Cup was the signal for "To Horse!" in the Desert. (II.)…

Muhammad, prophet of Islam

(Encyclopedia) MuhammadMuhammadməhămˈəd [key] [Arab.,=praised], 570?–632, the name of the Prophet of Islam, one of the great figures of history, b. Mecca. The traditions concerning Muhammad's…

Muawiya

(Encyclopedia) MuawiyaMuawiyam&oomacr;äˈwēä [key], d. 680, 1st Umayyad caliph (661–80), one of the greatest Muslim statesmen; son of Abu Sufyan, a Koreish tribesman of Mecca. He submitted to…