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exclusion principle

(Encyclopedia) exclusion principle, physical principle enunciated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 stating that no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy state simultaneously. The energy states…

Gottfried von Strassburg

(Encyclopedia) Gottfried von StrassburgGottfried von Strassburggôtˈfrēt fən shträsˈb&oobreve;rkh [key], fl. 13th cent., German poet, also called Godfrey of Strasbourg. He is thought to have been…

Novalis

(Encyclopedia) NovalisNovalisnōväˈlĭs [key], pseud. of Friederich von HardenbergFriederich von Hardenbergfrēˈdrĭkh fən härˈdənbĕrk [key], 1772–1801, German poet. He studied philosophy under Schiller…

Yorck von Wartenburg, Ludwig, Graf

(Encyclopedia) Yorck von Wartenburg or York von Wartenburg, Ludwig, GrafYorck von Wartenburg or York von Wartenburg, Ludwig, Grafboth: l&oobreve;tˈvĭkh gräf yôrk fən värˈtənb&oobreve;rkh [key…

Delbrück, Rudolf von

(Encyclopedia) Delbrück, Rudolf vonDelbrück, Rudolf vonr&oomacr;ˈdôlf fən [key]Delbrück, Rudolf von dĕlˈbrük [key], 1817–1903, German statesman. He served (1857–76) under Bismarck as president of…

Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von

(Encyclopedia) Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul vonLettow-Vorbeck, Paul vonpoul fən lĕtˈō-fôrˈbĕk [key], 1870–1964, German general. In World War I he conducted a brilliant defense of German East Africa against…

Mackensen, August von

(Encyclopedia) Mackensen, August vonMackensen, August vonouˈg&oobreve;st fən mäˈkənzən [key], 1849–1945, German field marshal. In World War I he defeated the Russians in the battle of the…

Berlichingen, Götz von

(Encyclopedia) Berlichingen, Götz vonBerlichingen, Götz vongötsˈ fən bĕrˈlĭkhĭng-ən [key], 1480–1562, German knight and adventurer. The head of a band of free soldiers, he lost (1504) his right hand…

Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger, Graf von

(Encyclopedia) Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger, Graf vonStarhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger, Graf vonĕrnst rüˈdĭgər gräf fən shtäˈrəmbĕrkˌ [key], 1638–1701, Austrian field marshal. He served against the Ottomans…

Capelle, Eduard von

(Encyclopedia) Capelle, Eduard vonCapelle, Eduard vonāˈd&oomacr;ärt fən käpĕlˈə [key], 1855–1931, German admiral. As secretary for the navy (1916–18) he reinstituted (1917) unrestricted submarine…