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Gratian, Roman emperor of the West

(Encyclopedia) GratianGratiangrāˈshən [key], 359–83, Roman emperor of the West (375–83). At the death of his father, Valentinian I, he accepted the army's election of his brother, Valentinian II, as…

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique

(Encyclopedia) Cardoso, Fernando HenriqueCardoso, Fernando HenriquefərnäNˈd&oomacr; ānrēˈkə kärdōˈs&oomacr; [key], 1931–, Brazilian sociologist and politician, president of Brazil (1995–2002…

Mbeki, Govan Archibald Mvuyelwa

(Encyclopedia) Mbeki, Govan 1910–2001, anti-apartheid activist, politician, and writer. Mbeki was an influential leader of the African National…

Neutrality Act

(Encyclopedia) Neutrality Act, law passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Aug., 1935. It was designed to keep the United States out of a possible European…

London, Declaration of

(Encyclopedia) London, Declaration of, international code of maritime law, especially as related to war, proposed in 1909. The declaration grew largely out of the attempt at the second of the Hague…

Loubet, Émile François

(Encyclopedia) Loubet, Émile FrançoisLoubet, Émile Françoisāmēlˈ fräNswäˈ l&oomacr;bāˈ [key], 1838–1929, president of the French republic (1899–1906). As a member of the chamber of deputies, he…

Davis, Henry Winter

(Encyclopedia) Davis, Henry Winter, 1817–65, American political leader, b. Annapolis, Md. He was elected (1854) to the House of Representatives on the Know-Nothing ticket and was twice reelected (…

Decembrists

(Encyclopedia) DecembristsDecembristsdĭsĕmˈbrĭsts [key], in Russian history, members of secret revolutionary societies whose activities led to the uprising of Dec., 1825, against Czar Nicholas I.…

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

(Encyclopedia) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, concluded (Apr. 19, 1850) at Washington, D.C., between the United States, represented by Secretary of State John M. Clayton, and Great Britain, represented by…