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Pi y Margall, Francisco

(Encyclopedia) Pi y Margall, FranciscoPi y Margall, Franciscofränthēsˈkō pē ē märgälˈ [key], 1824–1901, Spanish statesman and writer. A liberal journalist, he fled to France after the unsuccessful…

Maga, Hubert

(Encyclopedia) Maga, Hubert (Hubert Coutoucou Maga)Maga, Hubertübârˈ mäˈgä [key], 1916–2000, political leader in Dahomey (now Benin). A teacher, he became active in politics and was (1951–58) a…

Mignet, François Auguste Marie

(Encyclopedia) Mignet, François Auguste MarieMignet, François Auguste MariefräNswäˈ ôgüstˈ märēˈ mēnyāˈ [key], 1796–1884, French historian and journalist. With his lifelong friend, Adolphe Thiers,…

Leguía, Augusto Bernardino

(Encyclopedia) Leguía, Augusto BernardinoLeguía, Augusto Bernardinooug&oomacr;sˈtō bārnärdēˈnō lāgēˈä [key], 1863–1932, president of Peru (1908–12, 1919–30). In his second administration Leguía…

Beck, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia) Beck, LudwigBeck, Ludwigl&oomacr;tˈvĭkh bĕk [key], 1880–1944, German general, leader of resistance to Hitler. A highly cultivated career soldier, he served on the general staff…

Bazard, Saint-Amand

(Encyclopedia) Bazard, Saint-AmandBazard, Saint-AmandsăNtämäNˈ bäzärˈ [key], 1791–1832, French socialist. He founded (1818) a republican society, Les Amis de la vérité [Friends of Truth], and was a…

Plain, the

(Encyclopedia) Plain, the, in French history, term designating the independent members of the National Convention during the French Revolution. The name was applied to them because, in contrast to…

Rigaud, André

(Encyclopedia) Rigaud, AndréRigaud, AndréäNdrāˈ rēgōˈ [key], 1761–1811, Haitian mulatto general in the wars that liberated Haiti. Educated, but vain, he believed in the superiority of mulattoes. He…

Crémieux, (Isaac) Adolphe

(Encyclopedia) Crémieux, (Isaac) AdolpheCrémieux, (Isaac) Adolpheēsäkˈ ädôlfˈ krāmyöˈ [key], 1796–1880, Jewish-French statesman and political writer. A lawyer, he served briefly as minister of…

Minh, Duong Van

(Encyclopedia) Minh, Duong VanMinh, Duong Vand&oobreve;ng vän mēn [key], 1916–2001, Vietnamese army officer and political leader. A military adviser (1962–63) to President Diem, he helped to…