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Cadoudal, Georges

(Encyclopedia) Cadoudal, GeorgesCadoudal, Georgeszhôrzh käd&oomacr;dälˈ [key], 1771–1804, French royalist conspirator. A commander of the Chouans, he led the counterrevolutionists in the Vendée.…

Directory

(Encyclopedia) Directory, group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year III (1795) of the French Revolution. They were chosen by the new…

San Ildefonso, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) San Ildefonso, Treaty of, any of several treaties signed at the royal residence of San Ildefonso, Spain. 1 The Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1796 was an alliance of France with Spain…

Billaud-Varenne, Jean Nicolas

(Encyclopedia) Billaud-Varenne, Jean NicolasBillaud-Varenne, Jean Nicolaszhäk nēkōläˈ bēyōˈ-värĕnˈ [key], 1756–1819, French revolutionary. A violent antimonarchist in the Convention, the…

Rulers of France since 987 (table)

(Encyclopedia) Rulers of France since 987(including dates of reign) The Capetians Hugh Capet, 987–96 Robert II (the Pious), son of Hugh Capet, 996–1031 Henry I, son of Robert II, 1031–60…

Barras, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de

(Encyclopedia) Barras, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte deBarras, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte depōl fräNswäˈ zhäN nēkōläˈ, vēkôNtˈ də bäräˈ [key], 1755–1829, French revolutionary. Although…

Charles XIV, king of Sweden and Norway

(Encyclopedia) Charles XIV (Charles John; Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte)Charles XIVzhäN bäptēstˈ zhül bĕrnädôtˈ [key], 1763–1844, king of Sweden and Norway (1818–44), French Revolutionary general.…

Whately, Richard

(Encyclopedia) Whately, RichardWhately, Richardhwātˈlē [key], 1787–1863, English prelate and writer. Fellow and tutor of Oriel College, Oxford, he published a witty work aimed at extreme skeptics,…

Batavian Republic

(Encyclopedia) Batavian Republic, name for the Netherlands in the years (1795–1806) following conquest by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars. The United Provinces of the Netherlands were…

Fouché, Joseph

(Encyclopedia) Fouché, JosephFouché, Josephzhôzĕfˈ f&oomacr;shāˈ [key], b. 1759 or 1763, d. 1820, French revolutionary and minister of police. A teacher in the schools of the Oratorian order, he…