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Christian IV

(Encyclopedia) Christian IV, 1577–1648, king of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648), son and successor of Frederick II. After assuming (1596) personal rule from a regency, he concentrated on building the…

Ferdinand VI, king of Spain

(Encyclopedia) Ferdinand VI, b. 1712 or 1713, d. 1759, king of Spain (1746–59), son of Philip V by his first queen, Marie Louise of Savoy. When Ferdinand succeeded his father, his stepmother,…

Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania

(Encyclopedia) Penn, William, 1644–1718, English Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania, b. London, England; son of Sir William Penn. Penn became involved in the affairs of the American colonies when in…

Charles Kindleberger 2003 Deaths

Charles KindlebergerAge: 92 economist whose 1978 book, Manias, Panics, and Crashes, chronicled the history of bubbles in the stock market. He theorized that when investors buy stock in hot…

La Noue, François de

(Encyclopedia) La Noue, François deLa Noue, François defräNswäˈ də lä n&oomacr; [key], 1531–91, French Protestant general in the Wars of Religion (see Religion, Wars of). He fought at Jarnac (…

Amboise, conspiracy of

(Encyclopedia) Amboise, conspiracy of, 1560, plot of the Huguenots (French Protestants) and the house of Bourbon to usurp the power of the Guise family, which virtually ruled France during the reign…

Gramont, Philibert, comte de

(Encyclopedia) Gramont, Philibert, comte deGramont, Philibert, comte defēlēbârˈ kôNt də [key]Gramont, Philibert, comte de grämôNˈ [key], 1621–1707, French courtier at the court of King Louis XIV. He…

Monza

(Encyclopedia) MonzaMonzamōnˈtsä [key], city (1991 pop. 120,651), Lombardy, N Italy. Manufactures of this highly diversified industrial center include felt hats, carpets, textiles, glass, plastics,…

Nicholas III, pope

(Encyclopedia) Nicholas III, d. 1280, pope (1277–80), a Roman named Giovanni Gaetano Orsini; successor of John XXI. As a cardinal he made a great reputation in diplomacy, and he was a close confidant…

Ireton, Henry

(Encyclopedia) Ireton, HenryIreton, Henryīˈərtən [key], 1611–51, English parliamentary general; son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell. He held various commands in the parliamentary army during the first…