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Pan-Germanism

(Encyclopedia) Pan-Germanism, German nationalist doctrine aiming at the union of all German-speaking peoples under German rule. Pan-Germanists considered that not only the German groups in…

Özal, Turgut

(Encyclopedia) Özal, Turgut, 1927–93, Turkish political leader, president of Turkey (1989–93). Trained as an electrical engineer, he worked for the Turkish state planning office in the 1950s and 60s…

Osijek

(Encyclopedia) OsijekOsijekōˈsēyĕk [key], Ger. Esseg, Hung. Eszék, city (2011 pop. 108,048), in Croatia, on the Drava River. The chief city of the historic region of Slavonia, it is a river port and…

Oratory, Congregation of the

(Encyclopedia) Oratory, Congregation of the [Lat. abbr., Cong. Orat.], in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1575, an association of secular priests organized into independent communities…

Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro

(Encyclopedia) Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro, 1942–, Equatoguinean military and political leader, president of Equatorial Guinea (1979–). He graduated (1963) from Spain's Zaragoza Military Academy…

Minden, city, Germany

(Encyclopedia) MindenMindenmĭnˈdən [key], city (1994 pop. 80,423), North Rhine–Westphalia, NW Germany, a port on the Weser River and the Midland Canal. It is an industrial center and rail junction.…

Mwanawasa, Levy Patrick

(Encyclopedia) Mwanawasa, Levy PatrickMwanawasa, Levy Patricklĕvˈē ĕmwäˌnəwäˈsə [key], 1948–2008, Zambian political leader, president of Zambia (2002–8). A lawyer opposed to Kenneth Kaunda's rule, he…

Muhammad Ali, shah of Persia

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad Ali, 1872–1925, shah of Persia (1906–9), son of Muzaffar ad-Din Shah, of the Qajar dynasty. Muhammad Ali, who was an opponent of constitutional government, began to rule at a…

Maria I

(Encyclopedia) Maria I, 1734–1816, queen of Portugal (1777–1816), daughter of Joseph I. She was married (1760) to her uncle, who assumed joint rule with her as Peter III. Neither of them was much…

Pereira, Aristides Maria

(Encyclopedia) Pereira, Aristides MariaPereira, Aristides Mariaärĭshˈtēdĭsh märēˈä pərāˈrä [key], 1923–2011, first president of Cape Verde. In the late 1940s he became an activist in the struggle…