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John of Luxemburg

(Encyclopedia) John of Luxemburg, 1296–1346, king of Bohemia (1310–46). The son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII, he married Elizabeth, sister of Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, and in 1310 he was chosen…

Muhammad IV, Ottoman sultan

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad IV or Mehmet IV, 1641–92, Ottoman sultan (1648–87). He was proclaimed sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) by the corps of Janissaries after the deposition and murder of his…

Athelstan

(Encyclopedia) Athelstan or ÆthelstanÆthelstanboth: ăthˈəlstən, ăthˈĕlstän [key], d. 939, king of Wessex (924–39), son and successor of Edward the Elder. After coming to the throne, he vigorously…

Family Compact, in French and Spanish history

(Encyclopedia) Family Compact, several alliances between France and Spain in the form of agreements between the French and Spanish branches of the Bourbon family. The first of the three compacts, the…

Breadalbane, John Campbell, 1st earl of

(Encyclopedia) Breadalbane, John Campbell, 1st earl ofBreadalbane, John Campbell, 1st earl ofbrədôlˈbĭn, brĕd– [key], 1635?–1717, Scottish nobleman. He took part in the royalist rising of 1654 and…

Hundred Years War

(Encyclopedia) Hundred Years War, 1337–1453, conflict between England and France. The Hundred Years War inflicted untold misery on France. Farmlands were laid waste, the population was decimated by…

Pius IV

(Encyclopedia) Pius IV, 1499–1565, pope (1559–65), a Milanese named Giovanni Angelo de' Medici; successor of Paul IV. He was probably not related to the great Medici family. His career in Rome began…

North, Frederick North, 8th Baron

(Encyclopedia) North, Frederick North, 8th Baron, 1732–92, British statesman, best known as Lord North. He entered Parliament in 1754 and became a junior lord of the treasury (1759), privy councilor…

Frederick III, Holy Roman emperor and German king

(Encyclopedia) Frederick III, 1415–93, Holy Roman emperor (1452–93) and German king (1440–93). With his brother Albert VI he inherited the duchies of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. He became head…