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Bach, Johann Sebastian

(Encyclopedia) Bach, Johann SebastianBach, Johann Sebastiansābäsˈtyän [key]Bach, Johann Sebastian bäkh [key], 1685–1750, German composer and organist, b. Eisenach; one of the greatest and most…

French language

(Encyclopedia) CEE French language, member of the Romance group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Romance languages). It is spoken as a first language by more…

Nantes, Edict of

(Encyclopedia) Nantes, Edict of, 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of…

labor, in economics

(Encyclopedia) labor, term used both for the effort of performing a task and for the workers engaged in the activity. In ancient times much of the work was done by slaves (see slavery). In the feudal…

de Kooning, Willem

(Encyclopedia) de Kooning, Willemde Kooning, Willemdə k&oomacr;ˈnĭng [key], 1904–97, American painter, b. Netherlands; studied Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts and Techniques. De Kooning immigrated…

De Lancey

(Encyclopedia) De LanceyDe Lanceydə lănˈsē [key], family of political leaders, soldiers, and merchants prominent in colonial New York. Étienne De Lancey or Stephen De Lancey, 1663–1741, b. Caen,…

Protectorate, in English history

(Encyclopedia) Protectorate, in English history, name given to the English government from 1653 to 1659. Following the English civil war and the execution of Charles I, England was declared (1649) a…

punctuation

(Encyclopedia) punctuation [Lat.,=point], the use of special signs in writing to clarify how words are used; the term also refers to the signs themselves. In every language, besides the sounds of the…

Chabrol, Claude

(Encyclopedia) Chabrol, ClaudeChabrol, Claudeklōd shäbrōlˈ [key], 1930–2010, French filmmaker, b. Paris, attended Univ. of Paris. One of the creators of the French “new wave” cinema of the 1950s and…