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Navarino, battle of

(Encyclopedia) Navarino, battle ofNavarino, battle ofnävärēˈnō [key], 1827, naval battle resulting from the intervention of the European powers in the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman…

caliphate

(Encyclopedia) caliphatecaliphatekălˈĭfātˌ, –fĭt [key], the rulership of Islam; caliphcaliphkălˈĭfˌ [key], the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state. In principle, Islam is…

Montazeri, Hossein Ali

(Encyclopedia) Montazeri, Hossein Ali, 1922–2009, Iranian Islamic scholar and political leader. A follower of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Montazeri objected to Khomeini's arrest and exile, and…

Ali, Sabahattin

(Encyclopedia) Ali, Sabahattin, 1907–48, Turkish fiction writer. During his lifetime he was best known for his popular and realistic short stories, many of which were concerned with the plight of…

Essebsi, Beji Caid

(Encyclopedia) Essebsi, Beji CaidEssebsi, Beji Caidbäˈzhē cäˈĭd əsĕbˈsē [key], 1926–2019, Tunisian political leader. A lawyer and ally of President Bourguiba, he held several posts in his and…

Muawiya

(Encyclopedia) MuawiyaMuawiyam&oomacr;äˈwēä [key], d. 680, 1st Umayyad caliph (661–80), one of the greatest Muslim statesmen; son of Abu Sufyan, a Koreish tribesman of Mecca. He submitted to…

Mahmud II

(Encyclopedia) Mahmud II, 1784–1839, Ottoman sultan (1808–39), younger son of Abd al-Hamid I. He was raised to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) upon the deposition of his brother, Mustafa IV…

Umayyad

(Encyclopedia) UmayyadUmayyad&oomacr;mäˈyäd [key], the first Islamic dynasty (661–750). Their reign witnessed the return to leadership roles of the pre-Islamic Arab elite, and the rejuvenation of…

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan 1997 Deaths

Nusrat Fateh Ali KhanPakistani singer Khan, Pakistan's best-known, most talented qawwali singer brought Sufi devotional songs to the West through his collaboration with Eddie Vedder on the…

Hussain, Mamnoon

(Encyclopedia) Hussain, Mamnoon, 1940–, Pakistani political leader and businessman. An ally of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, he joined the Pakistan Muslim League–Nawaz and briefly served (1999) as…