Buber, Martin
[key], 1878–1965, Jewish philosopher, b. Vienna. Educated at German
universities, he was active in Zionist affairs, and he taught philosophy and
religion at the Univ. of Frankfurt-am-Main (1924–33). From 1938 to
1951 he held a professorship in the sociology of religion at the Hebrew
Univ. in Jerusalem. Greatly influenced by the mysticism of the Hasidim, which he interpreted in many of
his works, and by the Christian existentialism of Søren Kierkegaard, Buber evolved his own
philosophy of religion, especially in his book I and Thou
(1923, 2d ed. 1958), which has been called a bridge between Judaism and
Christianity. Conceiving the relations between God and humans not as
abstract and impersonal, but as an inspired and direct dialogue, Buber has
also had a great impact on contemporary Christian thinkers. He worked to
permeate political Zionism with ethical and spiritual values and strongly
advocated Arab-Israeli understanding.
See his Jewish Mysticism and the Legends of Baalshem (1931),
Mamre (tr. 1946, repr. 1970), Moses
(1946), The Origin and Meaning of Hasidism (2 vol., tr.
1960), A Believing Humanism: My Testament,
1902–1965 (tr. 1967), and Meetings, ed.
by M. S. Friedman (1973); biographies by M. S. Friedman (3 vol.,
1981–83; 1 vol., 1991) and P. Mendes-Flohr (2019); M. S. Freidman,
Martin Buber: The Life of Dialogue (4th ed., 2002).
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