Brewer's: Fifth-Monarchy Men

A sect of English fanatics in the days of the Puritans, who maintained that Jesus Christ was about to come a second time to the earth, and establish the fifth universal monarchy. The four preceding monarchies were the Assyrian, the Persian, the Macedonian, and the Roman. In politics, the Fifth-Monarchy Men were arrant Radicals and levellers.

Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
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