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Key to Pronunciation
- ə
- sofa (sō´fə), item (ī´təm), easily (ē´zəlē), cannon (kăn´ən), circus (sûr´kəs)
- ă
-
act (ăkt), bat (băt)
- ā
-
ape (āp), fail (fāl), day (dā)
- â
-
air (âr), care (kâr)
- ä
-
art (ärt), father (fä´ŧħər)
- b
-
back (băk), labor (lā´bər), cab (kăb)
- ch
-
chin (chĭn), hatchet (hăch´ət), rich (rĭch)
- d
-
dock (dŏk), lady (lā´dē), sad (săd)
- ĕ
-
end (ĕnd), steady (stĕd´ē), met (mĕt)
- ē
-
eve (ēv), clear (klēr), see (sē)
- f
-
fat (făt), phase (fāz), cough (kôf)
- g
-
get (gĕt), bigger (bĭg´ər), tag (tăg)
- h
-
hand (hănd), ahead (əhĕd´)
- hw
-
wheel (hwēl), which (hwĭch)
- ĭ
-
it (ĭt), pill (pĭl), mirror (mĭr´ər)
- ī
-
iron (ī´ərn), eye (ī), buyer (bī´ər)
- j
-
jam (jăm), ginger (jĭn´jər), edge (ĕj)
- k
-
kit (kĭt), tackle (tăk´əl), cook (kŏŏk)
- l
-
little (lĭt´əl), holly (hŏl´ē), pull (pŏŏl)
- m
-
man (măn), hammer (hăm´ər), climb (klīm)
- n
-
new (nŏŏ), known (nōn), winner (wĭn´ər)
- ng
- singing (sĭng´ĭng), finger (fĭng´gər), sang (săng), sank (săngk)
- ŏ
- hot (hŏt), body (bŏd´ē)
- ō
-
over (ō´vər), hope (hōp), grow (grō)
- ô
-
orbit (ôr´bĭt), fall (fôl), saw (sô)
- ŏŏ
- foot (fŏŏt), wolf (wŏŏlf), put (pŏŏt), pure (pyŏŏr)
- ōō
- boot (bōōt), lose (lōōz), drew (drōō), true (trōō)
- oi
-
oil (oil), royal (roi´əl), boy (boi)
- ou
-
out (out), crowd (kroud), how (hou)
- p
-
pipe (pīp), happy (hăp´ē)
- r
-
road (rōd), appeared (əpērd´), carpenter (kär´pəntər)
- s
-
so (sō), cite (sīt), baste (bāst)
- sh
-
shall (shăl), sure (shōōr), nation (nā´shən)
- t
-
tight (tīt), better (bĕt´ər), talked (tôkt)
- th
-
thin (thĭn), bath (băth)
- ŧħ
-
then (ŧħĕn), father (fä´ŧħər), bathe (bāŧħ)
- ŭ
- but (bŭt), flood (flŭd), some (sŭm)
- û
- curl (kûrl), girl (gûrl), fern (fûrn), worm (wûrm)
- v
-
vest (vĕst), trivial (trĭv´ēəl), eve (ēv)
- w
-
wax (wăks), twins (twĭnz)
- y
-
you (yōō), onion (ŭn´yən)
- z
-
zipper (zĭp´ər), ease (ēz), treads (trĕdz)
- zh
- pleasure (plĕzh´ər), rouge (rōōzh)
FOREIGN SOUNDS
- ö
- as in French peu (pö), German Goethe (gö´tə)
- ü
- as in French Cluny (klünē´)
- kh
- as in German ach (äkh), ich (ĭkh); Scottish loch (lŏkh)
- N
- this symbol indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal as in French cinq (săNk), un (öN), sans (säN), tombe (tôNb), en (äN); Portuguese São João (souN zhwouN)
ACCENTS AND HYPHENS
- ´
- primary accent, written after accented vowel or syllable: Nebraska (nəbrăs´kə), James Buchanan (byōōkă´nən)
- ˝
- secondary accent: Mississippi (mĭs˝əsĭp´ē)
- –
- dash, replacing obvious portion of pronunciation: hegemony (hĭjĕm´ənē, hē–, hēj´əmō˝nē, hĕg´ə–)
- -
- hyphen, to prevent ambiguity in syllabification: Erlanger (ûr´lăng-ər), dishearten (dĭs-här´tən)
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2005, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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